Wireless 5G relay could accelerate smart factory development
17 June 2024
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Scientists have unveiled a wirelessly operated 5G relay, offering the enhanced efficiency and range crucial for advancing smart factories.
By adopting a lower operating frequency for wireless power transfer, the proposed relay design solves many of the current limitations, including range and efficiency.
In turn, this allows for a more versatile and widespread arrangement of sensors and transceivers in industrial settings.
One of the hallmarks of the ‘Information Age’ is the transformation of industries towards a greater flow of information. This can be readily seen in high-tech factories and warehouses, where wireless sensors and transceivers are installed in robots, production machinery, and automatic vehicles. In many cases, 5G networks are used to orchestrate operations and communications between these devices.
To avoid relying on cumbersome wired power sources, sensors and transceivers can be energized remotely via wireless power transfer (WPT). However, one problem with conventional WPT designs is that they operate at 24GHz. At such high frequencies, transmission beams must be extremely narrow to avoid energy losses.
Moreover, power can only be transmitted if there is a clear line of sight between the WPT system and the target device. Since 5G relays are often used to extend the range of 5G base stations, WPT needs to reach even further, which is yet another challenge for 24GHz systems.
To address the limitations of WPT, a research team from the Tokyo Institute of Technology has come up with a clever solution. In a recent study, whose results have been presented at the 2024 IEEE Symposium on VLSI Technology & Circuits, they developed a novel 5G relay that can be powered wirelessly at a lower frequency of 5.7GHz.
“By using 5.7GHz as the WPT frequency, we can get wider coverage than conventional 24GHz WPT systems, enabling a wider range of devices to operate simultaneously,” explains senior author and Associate Professor Atsushi Shirane.
The proposed wirelessly powered relay is meant to act as an intermediary receiver and transmitter of 5G signals, which can originate from a 5G base station or wireless devices.
The key innovation of this system is the use of a rectifier-type mixer, which performs fourth-order subharmonic mixing while also generating DC power.
Notably, the mixer uses the received 5.7GHz WPT signal as a local signal. With this local signal, together with multiplying circuits, phase shifters, and a power combiner, the mixer ‘down-converts’ a received 28GHz signal into a 5.2GHz signal.
Then, this 5.2GHz signal is internally amplified, up-converted to 28GHz through the inverse process, and retransmitted to its intended destination.
To drive these internal amplifiers, the proposed system first rectifies the 5.7 GHz WPT signal to produce DC power, which is managed by a dedicated power management unit. This ingenious approach offers several advantages, as Shirane highlights: “Since the 5.7GHz WPT signal has less path loss than the 24GHz signal, more power can be obtained from a rectifier.
“In addition, the 5.7GHz rectifier has a lower loss than 24GHz rectifiers and can operate at a higher power conversion efficiency.”
Finally, this proposed circuit design allows for selecting the transistor size, bias voltage, matching, cutoff frequency of the filter, and load to maximise conversion efficiency and conversion gain simultaneously.
Through several experiments, the research team showcased the capabilities of their proposed relay. Occupying only a 1.5mm by 0.77mm chip using standard CMOS technology, a single chip can output a high power of 6.45mW at an input power of 10.7dBm.
Notably, multiple chips could be combined to achieve a higher power output. Considering its many advantages, the proposed 5.7GHz WPT system could thus greatly contribute to the development of smart factories.